LambdaClass Blog

Introduction Zero-knowledge and validity proofs, often abbreviated as ZK, represent a fascinating field within the realms of cryptography, mathematics, and computer science. They allow one party, the prover, to convince other parties, termed verifiers, that a specific statement (such as the execution of a computer program) is true in a

Introduction ZK-SNARKs (zero-knowledge, succinct, non-interactive arguments of knowledge) and STARKs (scalable, transparent arguments of knowledge) have gained widespread attention due to their applications in distributed private computing and blockchain scaling. Over the years, we have seen several performance improvements thanks to new proof systems, new lookup arguments, and smaller fields.

Introduction There has recently been a growing interest in zk-SNARKs (zero-knowledge, succinct, non-interactive arguments of knowledge) due to their capabilities in decentralized private computations and scaling blockchains. These constructions involve a protocol between two parties, a prover and a verifier, where the former attempts to convince the latter of the

Introduction About one month ago, Starkware open-sourced its Stone Prover, which is currently in production in Starknet. It is a library that allows one to produce proofs of computational integrity using STARKs (Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge). The codebase has around 100k lines of code, written mainly in C++. It

What makes Lambda different We often hear that Lambda has a different way of operating compared with other companies. Many people we’ve worked with have praised the speed and quality of our delivery. We attribute that to a set of principles that anyone can apply, and might benefit others.

Recently, there has been quite a lot of debate between researchers and engineers on the best proof system. For example, Justin Thaler and Srinath Setty have been discussing whether FRI or KZG based SNARKs are better in computational terms, following some calculations by Eli Ben-Sasson during SBC. Before jumping into

In this blogpost, we'll take a closer look at the Inner Product Argument. We'll start by understanding the basics of this technique and then shift our focus to its variant within the Halo2 proving system. Specifically, we'll explore how Halo2 ingeniously employs the Inner

We believe crypto has been incredibly successful at providing a trustless financial layer for the 21st century. In particular it has found product market fit in two main areas: * In developing countries providing aids and tools to individuals that need to fight against inflation, censorship and for companies and individuals

Introduction STARKs (scalable transparent arguments of knowledge) have gained a lot of attention in recent years due to their capacity to help scale Ethereum and other L1s. They provide a way to guarantee the integrity of a computation carried out by an untrusted party via cryptographic proof. This proof can

Introduction From July 14th to 16th, we organized, together with Ingonyama, the first Lambda-Ingo ZK capture the flag (CTF), where more than 60 teams and 160 people participated. The CTF involved several challenges related to zero-knowledge proofs (using Lambdaworks) and fully-homomorphic encryption. We are thrilled with the whole experience, especially

We've been using Rust since 2014. We're big fans of Rust. This doesn't imply that Rust is the perfect language that solves all your problems. Security vulnerabilities come in a wide array of flavors. Some of them allow a malicious actor to take over

Making a Cairo not reinventing the wheel I love jazz. Of all the jazz styles I love, jazz fusion is the one I enjoy most because I find any fusion of different things more stimulating. Something exciting is happening at the intersection of programming language theory, compiler implementation, and applied

Introduction Zero-knowledge proofs, also known as ZKPs, are becoming popular due to their numerous applications in delegating computations to untrusted servers and addressing scalability issues in decentralized ledgers. By using ZKPs, we can prove the validity of a given computation without revealing sensitive information, and the proof is short and

Introduction Lattice cryptography is a type of cryptographic scheme that relies on the hardness of certain computational problems related to lattices, which are geometric structures formed by repeating a pattern of points in space. Lattice-based cryptography is considered a promising candidate for post-quantum cryptography, as it is believed to be

Introduction Public key encryption is a secure way of sending information over the internet. It uses two keys: a public key and a private key. We use the public key to encrypt messages. We can share this key publicly. The private key is kept secret and only known to the

Let’s be honest, who hasn’t missed testing an edge case in their life? Surely it has happened to you, and maybe you realized it months after having implemented it (maybe when it’s already in production!). Some cases escape even the most experienced tester, and to avoid explanations

A couple of months ago, we wrote about CUDA, a programming model developed by NVIDIA to accelerate expensive computations. We explained why, in the context of ZK-SNARKs, it is useful for performing large multiplications. Today, we want to discuss another development kit that provides an interface to communicate with the

Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKP) are a powerful cryptographic technique that allows two parties to exchange information without revealing any sensitive data. This method has the potential to revolutionize the way we handle privacy and security in various industries, such as finance, healthcare, and government. However, developing ZKP applications has traditionally

Introduction Many ZK libraries allow the creation of pair of points $(x,y)$ which do not belong to the elliptic curve they are working with when building circuits. Some also do not check that the points belong to the appropriate subgroup, which can lead to vulnerabilities. The argument being made

We believe in a permissionless future where individuals can cooperate and coordinate in scalable blockchain environments. With ten years of experience in distributed systems and a new obsession with cryptography, we can help builders achieve their goals. To realize this future, we believe that developers don't have all

In December, last year, we heard about Reth, and it immediately piqued our interest. A greenfield new implementation of an Ethereum full node? Where do we sign up!? The project, started and driven by @gakonst from Paradigm (if you haven’t heard about it yet, we encourage you to read